However, in the treated hemodialysis patients, some studies have shown that NAC administration could affect plasma Hcy levels. There are some reports indicating that NAC, with an antioxidant property, has declined plasma Hcy level in the end stage renal disease ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis. Asthma is a chronic disorder associated with inflammation and immune cell infiltration of airways Airway hyper-responsiveness AHR can be originated from consistent presence of inflammatory mediators and immune cells in airways.
AHR is clinically determined with breathlessness, coughing and wheezing symptoms Studies showed the preventive effect of NAC antioxidant on the AHR and steroid resistant accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airways of the animal model with acute exacerbation of asthma 45 , Alzheimer disease AD is known as a multifactorial disease with many abnormalities in physiological, biochemical, and neurochemical point of view.
Aging is the major risk factor for AD that coexists with other causes of cognitive decline, particularly vascular dementia Some factors, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal protein aggregation, metal accumulation, inflammation and excitotoxicity play important roles in AD pathology. Although the relationship between these factors and development of AD is multidirectional, oxidative damage is considered as a common thread linking some of these factors Results of different studies showed that lipoic acid LA and NAC decreased levels of oxidative and apoptotic markers via protection of mitochondrial function 50 , Combination of both LA and NAC maximizes this protective effect suggesting that this may prevent mitochondrial decay associated with aging and age-related disorders such as AD.
Antioxidant therapies based on LA and NAC seem promising since they can act on mitochondria, one key source of oxidative stress in aging and neurodegeneration Parkinson disease PD is a very prevalent neurodegenerative disorder caused by unknown deterioration of cells which generate dopamine in the pars compacta, a part of the substantial nigra located in the midbrain In terms of pathogenesis, PD appears to be multi-factorial disorder, including environmental factors, acting on genetically vulnerable individuals when they are older 55 , A wide range of both genetic and environmental factors have been proposed as contributing to the initiation and progression of PD, but aging is the single most important risk factor for this disorder and undoubtedly interferes in PD progression through its accumulative oxidative damage, decrease in antioxidant ability and impairment of mitochondrial bio-energetic capacity in the brain 57 , Taking into account that most of PD patients experience accumulative oxidative damage, some clinical studies have demonstrated the controversial effect of some antioxidant administrations -such as NACon treatment of PD 59 , Some improvements have been reported for systemic administration of NAC in animal models, such as: i.
Enhancement of brain level of glutathione, ii. Reduction of oxidative damage-markers, iii. Enhancement of brain synaptic and non-synaptic brain mitochondrial complex I activities, and iv.
Protection against dopamine-induced cell death A review on NAC literature shows that this agent is a safe and well-tolerated supplementary drug without any considerable side effects. It 16 is as an antioxidant with a free radical scavenger property, as important characteristic of this medical supplement. It has been used as a beneficial drug treatment for some disorders such as poly cystic ovary syndrome patients with CC resistance, preterm birth, acetaminophen toxicity, RPL, chronic bronchitis, ulcerative colitis, liver cancer, muscle performance, hemodialysis, asthma, Alzheimer and Parkinson.
Although in some cases, such as improving pregnancy rate in ICSI cycles, NAC action is still unclear and further investigations are necessary. The authors would like to thank Royan Institute experts for their helpful comments and suggestions. There is no conflict of interest in this study. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Cell J v.
Cell J. Published online Dec Vida Mokhtari , M. Sc, 1, 2, 3 Parvaneh Afsharian , Ph. D, 2 Maryam Shahhoseini , Ph. D, 2 Seyed Mehdi Kalantar , Ph. D, 1 and Ashraf Moini , M. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Received Dec 19; Accepted May 7. Copyright Any use, distribution, reproduction or abstract of this publication in any medium, with the exception of commercial purposes, is permitted provided the original work is properly cited.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract N-acetyl cysteine NAC , as a nutritional supplement, is a greatly applied antioxidant in vivo and in vitro. Introduction N-acetyl cysteine NAC , as a safe and inexpensive medication, is commercially accessible since long-time ago 1.
Premature birth and recurrent pregnancy loss Premature birth is the most common reason of perinatal mortality and long-term unhealthiness in low-income countries Acetaminophen toxicity Acetaminophen administration is reported as the most common drug overdose in pregnancy. Administration of N-acetyl cysteine for infertile patients undergoing assisted reproductive techniques Elgindy et al. Chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is defined as the presence of chronic productive cough for more than three months in each of two sequential years.
Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder which multiple casual factors can affect it. Liver cancer Liver cancer is one of the most common lifethreatening malignancies, all over the world and up to now, there is no effective drug for the treatment of liver tumors Hemodialysis Homocysteine Hcy is a sulphur-containing amino acid that is produced in body, by the metabolism of the methionine amino acid Asthma Asthma is a chronic disorder associated with inflammation and immune cell infiltration of airways Alzheimer Alzheimer disease AD is known as a multifactorial disease with many abnormalities in physiological, biochemical, and neurochemical point of view.
Parkinson Parkinson disease PD is a very prevalent neurodegenerative disorder caused by unknown deterioration of cells which generate dopamine in the pars compacta, a part of the substantial nigra located in the midbrain Conclusion A review on NAC literature shows that this agent is a safe and well-tolerated supplementary drug without any considerable side effects. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Royan Institute experts for their helpful comments and suggestions.
References 1. N-acetyl-cysteine in anovulatory women: the impact of postcoital test. Middle East Fertil Soc J. Dietary cysteine and other amino acids and stroke incidence in women. Effect of oral N-acetyl cysteine on recurrent preterm labor following treatment for bacterial vaginosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. N-acetyl cysteine for treatment of recurrent unexplained pregnancy loss. Reprod Biomed Online. N-acetyl cysteine: could it be an effective adjuvant therapy in ICSI cycles?.
A preliminary study. Oxidants and antioxidants in human fertility. Protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine on acetic acid-induced colitis in a porcine model. BMC Gastroenterol. Some researchers believe it may even contribute to longevity 1. Its antioxidant properties are also important for combatting numerous other ailments caused by oxidative stress, such as heart disease, infertility and some psychiatric conditions 2.
It can help prevent side effects of drugs and environmental toxins 3. In fact, doctors regularly give intravenous IV NAC to people with an acetaminophen overdose to prevent or reduce kidney and liver damage 4. NAC also has applications for other liver diseases due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits 5. NAC helps regulate levels of glutamate — the most important neurotransmitter in your brain 6.
While glutamate is required for normal brain action, excess glutamate paired with glutathione depletion can cause brain damage. This may contribute to mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD and addictive behavior 7 , 8. For people with bipolar disease and depression, NAC may help decrease symptoms and improve your overall ability to function.
Likewise, an animal study implied that NAC may minimize negative effects of schizophrenia, such as social withdrawal, apathy and reduced attention spans NAC supplements can also help decrease withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse in cocaine addicts 12 , Additionally, preliminary studies show that NAC may decrease marijuana and nicotine use and cravings 14 , Many of these disorders have limited or currently ineffective treatment options.
NAC may be an effective aid for individuals with these conditions NAC can relieve symptoms of respiratory conditions by acting as an antioxidant and expectorant, loosening mucus in your air passageways.
As an antioxidant, NAC helps replenish glutathione levels in your lungs and reduces inflammation in your bronchial tubes and lung tissue. People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD experience long-term oxidative damage and inflammation of lung tissue, which causes airways to constrict — leading to shortness of breath and coughing.
By thinning mucus in your bronchial tubes and boosting glutathione levels, NAC may help decrease the severity and frequency of wheezing, coughing and respiratory attacks In addition to relieving COPD and bronchitis, NAC may improve other lung and respiratory tract conditions like cystic fibrosis, asthma and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as symptoms of nasal and sinus congestion due to allergies or infections The brain neurotransmitter glutamate is involved in a broad range of learning, behavior and memory actions, while the antioxidant glutathione helps reduce oxidative damage to brain cells associated with aging 6.
Because NAC helps regulate glutamate levels and replenish glutathione, it may benefit those with brain and memory ailments 4. Both oxidative damage to cells and a decrease in antioxidant ability contribute to this disease. NAC supplements appear to improve both dopamine function and disease symptoms such as tremors 4. While NAC may improve brain health , more human research is needed to make strong conclusions.
In almost half of these cases, male infertility is the main contributing factor Many male infertility issues increase when antioxidant levels are insufficient to combat free radical formation in your reproductive system. Natural products are a hot topic these days. This pill is available to everyone and can be purchased at virtually any health food store or pharmacy. In the hospital, it is used in the intravenous and oral form to protect and restore the body before and after it has been exposed to certain chemicals, including radioactive dyes used to illuminate parts of the body during an MRI, and in the case of acetaminophen overdose.
NAC is an immediate precursor to a very precious substance that our body makes. It's called glutathione. Amino acids such as cysteine, glutamate, and glycine are also natural precursors from the food we eat. On Sept. It restores the skin to the color of early childhood.
It is not approved for use here in the United States and the FDA cautioned that the products from outside the country were being confiscated. The only products on the market here in the United States are the oral and topical skin formulations or glutathione and NAC.
Several oral liquid formulations of NAC have specifically marketed products to mask the unpalatable sulfur taste. The unadulterated liquid formulation can be very reminiscent of rotten egg juice. Reactive oxygen species differentially affect T cell receptor signaling pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry. Massive loss of sulfur in HIV infection.
Blood glutathione synthesis rates in healthy adults receiving a sulfur amino acid-free diet. Chronic elevation of plasma thioredoxin: inhibition of chemotaxis and curtailment of life expectancy in AIDS. Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease. Role of cysteine and glutathione in HIV infection and other diseases associated with muscle wasting and immunological dysfunction.
Role of macrophage protection in the development of murine AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. Hepatic gamma-cystathionase deficiency in patients with AIDS.
Journal of the American Medical Association. Glutathione and immune function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Mucomyst acetylcysteine ; mucolytic; antidote for acetaminophen poisoning.
Compendium of Pharmaceutical Specialities. Acetaminophen, aspirin, and chronic renal failure. New England Journal of Medicine. Staal F. Antioxidant therapy for AIDS. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. Virological and immunological effects of antioxidant treatment in patients with HIV infection.
N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione in HIV infection. Improvement of immune functions in HIV infection by sulfur supplementation: two randomized trials. Journal of Molecular Medicine.
N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibits primary human T cells responses at the dendritic cell level: association with NF-kappaB inhibition. Journal of Immunology. Extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R causes reductions in astrocytic ATP and glutathione levels compromising the antioxidant reservoir. Virus Research. The purine analogues abacavir and didanosine increase acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by enhancing mitochondrial dysfunction.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Who gets antidotes?
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